2022

Scientists uncover a hidden force governing the survival of deep sea life

13 Sep 2022
  • New study finds that the position of the continents plays a vital role in the distribution of life-supporting oxygen in our oceans.  
  • The movement of the continents over many millions of years could have triggered mass extinction events and influenced the evolution of marine life.

Our ocean biodiversity is dependent on the strong circulation system of our oceans. Water near the ocean surface moves towards the poles, where it becomes cold and dense. When the dense water sinks, it brings oxygen with it from the atmosphere to the ocean floor.

This oxygen is vital for the survival of deep-sea creatures. Similarly, nutrients from sunken organic matter are delivered back to the surface, providing plankton with the sustenance to grow and support the wonderful biodiversity of our oceans.

However, this was not always the case throughout the Earth’s history, and a new study, published in Nature, has found that this circulation can suddenly disappear with the gradual shifting of the continents.

“The Earth’s climate system is so complex that it is possible for a seemingly tiny change to result in a relatively sudden and often drastic response,” said Dr Andrew Keane of the University College Cork School of Mathematical Sciences and the Environmental Research Institute, co-author of the new study.

“The critical threshold that is overcome by this tiny change is often referred to as a climate ‘tipping point’”.

An example is the circulation in the modern Atlantic Ocean. Decades of modelling and analysis show that if precipitation in certain parts of the ocean pass a certain threshold, or if atmospheric CO2 passes a critical level, then the ocean would quickly find itself in a state of very poor circulation.
   
In the past, studies of marine oxygen relied on simple models that could not capture the role of ocean dynamics. It was assumed that any changes in oxygen levels in the ocean were primarily due to changes in the atmosphere. It turns out that the role of continent positions, and its effect on ocean circulation, is crucial.

This new study uses a complex computer model of the Earth with a 3D representation of the ocean dynamics and reconstructed continental configurations from across the past 540 million years. The simulations of this model show that even small adjustments to the positions of the continents can ‘tip’ us into a completely different distribution of oxygen in the deep ocean.

“Many millions of years ago, not so long after animal life in the ocean got started, the entire global ocean circulation seemed to periodically shut down,” said Prof Andy Ridgwell, University of California-Riverside geologist and co-author. “We were not expecting to find that the movement of continents could cause surface waters and oxygen to stop sinking, and possibly dramatically affecting the way life evolved on Earth.”  

There are lessons to be learned from better understanding our past climate. “It’s clear from many recent studies that a tipping of the modern Atlantic Ocean circulation would change life as we know it in western European countries because our climate would become drastically colder. Some of these studies even suggest that we are approaching a tipping point. Our study highlights the threat to ocean biodiversity, especially to creatures of the deeper and darker parts of the ocean,” Keane said.

“I know some of those freaky-looking fish in the deep ocean aren’t as cute as polar bears, but we should be worried about them too.”

University College Cork

Coláiste na hOllscoile Corcaigh

College Road, Cork T12 K8AF

Top