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BUNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT C )  -XoXX-XX9XX-Xo  _K7T hp x (#XKZXX9NewYork/ClassActionComplaint  AmericanSlaveryCase"US ,   March29,2002!  6 (#T X6ZZ  u  Page  1  X9XZ(e2$ +Y!!  -XoXX-XX9XX-Xo  $35;AGMSY_21.a.i.1.a.i.1.a.($     L +Y!!  -XoXX-XX9XX-Xo  _ B.444` hp x (#XB XX9          1   K+  ݀BrentStaples,AfricanHolocaust,TheLessonsofaGraveyard.X9X 1 +Y!!  -XoXX-XX9XX-Xo  _ B.444` hp x (#XB XX9          2   K+  ݀IraBerlin, ManyThousandsGone.X9X L +Y!!  -XoXX-XX9XX-Xo  _ B.444` hp x (#XB XX9          3   K+  ݀BrentStaples,AfricanHolocaust,TheLessonsofaGraveyard.X9X u +Y!!  -XoXX-XX9XX-Xo  _ B.444` hp x (#XB XX9          4   K+  ݀BrentStaples,AfricanHolocaust,LessonsfromaGraveyard,quotinginpartformDr.MichaelBlakey,Howard  University. ݌̌X9XX9XXX9   XX9     X9X o +Y!!  -XoXX-XX9XX-Xo  B.444` hp x (#XB XX9          5   ;+  ݀KateZernike, SlaveTradersinYalesPastFuelDebateonRestitution,NewYorkTimes(August13,2001)X9X T +Y!!  -XoXX-XX9XX-Xo  B.444` hp x (#XB XX9          6   ;+  ݀RandallRobinson,CompensatetheForgottenVictimsofAmericasSlaveryHolocaust.X9X , +Y!!  -XoXX-XX9XX-Xo  B.444` hp x (#XB XX9       7   ݌  ЌX9XX9XXX9   XX9         F+  ݀TimWise, BreakingtheCycleofWhiteDependency(5/22/02).X9X  +Y!!  -XoXX-XX9XX-Xo  B.444` hp x (#XB XX9       8   ݌  ЌX9XX9XXX9   XX9         F+  ݀TamaraAudi, PaybackforSlavery:GrowingPushforReparationsTriestoFulfillBrokenPromise,quoting (x RandallRobinson(9/18/00).X9X  +Y!!  -XoXX-XX9XX-Xo  _ B.444` hp x (#XB XX9          9   K+  ݀Alistair_Highet_, WillAmericaPayfortheSinsofthePast,SlaverysPast.(February14,2002).TheHartford  _Adovate_,quoting,Dr.RonaldWaters. ݌̌X9XX9XXX9   XX9   @  X9X i +Y!!  -XoXX-XX9XX-Xo  _ 6"` ` hp xX6 XX9          10   ?+  ݀Franklin,JohnHope.FromSlaverytoFreedom,NewYork;_Knof_Ԁ(1947).X9X Q +Y!!  -XoXX-XX9XX-Xo  _ B.444` hp x (#XB XX9          11   K+  ݀_Yuval_ԀTaylor,IWasBornaSlave.X9X m +Y!!  -XoXX-XX9XX-Xo  _ B.444` hp x (#XB XX9          12   K+  ݀JimCox, RailNetworksOwnLines_Bult_ԀwithSlaveLaborUSATODAY(02/21/02) ݌  ЌX9XX9XXX9   XX9     X9X$35=CIOU[a3(1)a.i.1.a.i.1.a.(2$ +Y!!  -XoXX-XX9XX-Xo     0  #|x(JY!$  -XoXX-XX9XX-XoPrinter 2 (HP5),,,,0(9 Z6Times New Roman Regular-X3#37=CIQYag1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)3},D Qyv, U d +Y!!  -XoXX-XX9XX-Xo  _    UNITEDSTATESDISTRICTCOURT  ForThe$ (#X$X9XXX9    H.` hp x (# (#HEASTERNDISTRICTOFNEWYORK9݌  Ќ XXX9XXX9    $ (#X$X9XXX9  ?  H.` hp x (# (#H  ?݌̌ XXX9XXX9  ̄X     x   P     `     h      p   :CIVILACTION#_DEADRIA_ԀFARMER_PAELLMANN_,     p : 0     `     h      p :  Onbehalfofherself   h      p : `    andallotherpersons   h      p :CLASSACTION P    similarlysituated,   h      p :     x   @     `     h      p : X `    PLAINTIFF,     p :    X   `     h      p :  򀀀COMPLAINT      ` vs.    h      p : ANDJURYTRIALDEMAND      `     h      p :     x       `     h      p   :_FLEETBOSTON_ԀFINANCIALCORPORATION,AETNA p :  INC.,_CSX_,andTheirpredecessors,successors   p : p and/orassigns,andCORPORATEDOESNOS.11000, p :   `    `     h      p :   `  DEFENDANTS.     p :   @    `     h      p :ӄX  XPlaintiffs,onbehalfofthemselvesandallotherpersonssimilarlysituated,state,uponinformationandbelief,asfollows: X  X9XXX9X9XXX9       INTRODUCTION,JURISDICTIONANDVENUE D ,Ԍ ! Ќ   X9XXX9X9XXX9    X9XXX9X9XXX9    0  Introduction0 Ԍ #! Ќ   X9XXX9X9XXX9  XC  $30C B.444` hp x (#XB2  1  .3   Over8,000,000AfricansandtheirdescendantswereenslavedintheUnited % #  Statesfrom1619to1865.Thepracticeofslaveryconstitutedan immoraland `'"% _inhumanedeprivationofAfricanslife,liberty,Africancitizenshiprights,culturalheritageanditfurtherdeprivedthemofthefruitsoftheirownlabor.   H.444` hp x (#444` XH2  2  .3   ThefirstslaveshipthatsailedintoJamestownHarborinVirginiain1619 p containedahandfulofcaptiveAfricans,butbytheendoftheAtlanticslavetrade,morethantwocenturieslater,somewherebetween8millionand12millionAfricanshadarrivedintheNewWorldinchains. XX9   +X9X     1       `  H.444` hp x (#444` XH2  3  .3   Historiansestimatethatoneslaveperishedforeveryonewhosurvived @  captureintheAfricaninteriorandmadeitalivetotheNewWorld,meaningasmanyas12millionperishedalongtheway. XX9   &+X9X  Z   2        H.444` hp x (#444` XH2  4  .3   Although,itisacommonperceptionthattheSouthalonereceivedthe  enslavedAfricans,manyofthemarrivedintheDutchcolonialcityofNewAmsterdamthatlaterbecameNewYorkCity.Integraltothecolonyfromthestart,slaveshelpedbuildTrinityChurch,thestreetsofthecityandthewall,fromwhichWallStreettakesitsname,thatprotectedthecolonyfrommilitarystrikes. XX9   ;+X9X  $   3       ` H.444` hp x (#444` XH2  5  .3   TheseslavesinNewYorklivedinattics,hallwaysandbeneathporches, @ cheektojowlwiththeirmasterandmistresses.Indeath,thesesameslaveswerebanishedtotheNegroBurialGround,whichlayamileoutsidethecitylimitsand containedbetween10,000and20,000bodiesbythetimeitwasclosedin1794.Id. $" H.444` hp x (#444` XH2  6  .3   FurtherresearchconductedbyHowardUniversityof400skeletonsofthese   buriedslavesrevealedthat40percentwerechildrenundertheageof15andthemostcommoncauseofdeathwasmalnutrition.Mostofthechildrenhadrickets,scurvy,anemiaorrelateddiseases.Theadultskeletonsshowthatmanypeoplediedofunrelentinghardlabor.Strainonthemusclesandligamentswassoextremethatmuscleattachmentswerecommonlyrippedawayfromtheskeletontakingchunksofbonewiththemleavingthebodyinperpetualpain.Thehighestmortalityrateisfoundamongwomenages15to20.Investigatorshaveconcludedthatsomediedofillnessesacquiredintheholdsofslaveshipsorfromafirstexposuretothecoldorfromthetraumaofbeingtornfromtheirfamiliesandshippedinchainshalfwayaroundtheglobe.Moreover,theresearchhasconcludedthatthesewomenwereworkedtodeathbyownerswhocouldsimplygooutandbuyanewslave. XX9   !expoX9X     4       P H.444` hp x (#444` XH2  7  .3   ButNewYorkerswerenotaloneintheutilizationofslaves,infact,more 0 recentresearchhasrevealedthatmanyofouresteemedandcelebratedinstitutionsoflearninghadtheiroriginsintheprofitsderivedfromtheslavetrade.Forinstance,moneyfromtheslavetradefinancedYaleUniversitysfirstendowedprofessorship,itsfirstendowedscholarshipsanditsfirstendowedlibraryfund.Moreover,inthe1830s,YaleofficialsledtheoppositionthatpreventedthebuildingofthefirstAfricanAmericancollege,onthegroundsthatsuchaninstitutionwouldhavebeen incompatiblewiththe p&!$ existenceofYale.NicholasandJohnBrown,twoofthefoundersofwhatbecameBrownUniversitywereslavetraders.Likewise,HarvardLawSchoolwasendowedbymoneyitsfounderearnedsellingslavesinAntiguascanefields. XX9   &expoX9X      5       p H.444` hp x (#444` XH2  8  .3   ManyearlyAmericanindustrieswerebasedonthecotton,sugar,rice, P  tobacco,andotherproductsAfricanlaborproduced.Railroadsandshippingcompanies,thebankingindustryandmanyotherbusinessesmadehugeprofitsfromthecommercegeneratedbytheoutputofenslavedlabor.H.444` hp x (#444` XH2  9  .3   SlavesbuilttheU.S.Capitol,castandhoistedthestatueoffreedomontop   ofitsdome,andclearedtheforestbetweentheCapitolandtheWhiteHouse. XX9   *expoX9X  !Z   6        H.444` hp x (#444` XH2   10  .3   Slaveryfueledtheprosperityoftheyoungnation.From1790to1860alone,  theU.S.economyreapedthebenefitsofasmuchas$40millioninunpaidlabor. XX9   ,expoX9X  "$   7      ׀Some p estimatethecurrentvalueofthisunpaidlaborat1.4trilliondollars. XX9   -expoX9X  #f   8      ׀ P H.444` hp x (#444` XH2   11  .3   Notonlydidtheinstitutionofslaveryresultintheextinguishmentofmillions 0 ofAfricans,itevisceratedwholecultures:languages,religions,mores,andcustoms,itpsychologicallydestroyeditsvictims.Itwrenchedfromthemtheirhistory,their memories,andtheirfamiliesonascaleneverpreviouslywitnessed.   H.444` hp x (#444` XH2   12  .3   Whentheinstitutionfinallyended,thevestiges,racialinequalitiesand  culturalpsychicscarsleftadisproportionatenumberofAmericanslavedescendantsinjuredandheretoforewithoutremedy. H.444` hp x (#444` XH2   13  .3   AlthoughtheinstitutionofslaveryintheUnitedStateswasofficially P  outlawedin1865,itcontinued,defacto,untilasrecentlyasthe1950s.Nationalarchive 0  recordsrevealthatinthe1920sand1930s,theNAACPstillreceivedlettersfromAfricanAmericansclaimingtostillbeonplantationsandforcedtoworkwithoutpay.Severalclaimswereinvestigatedandwerefoundtobelegitimate.Moreover,aslateas1954,theJusticeDepartmentprosecutedtheDialbrothersinSumpterCounty,Alabamabecausetheyheldblacksininvoluntaryservitude. XX9   N5expoX9X  $   9        H.444` hp x (#444` XH2   14  .3   Evenforthosewhowere freed,theirlivesremainedlockedinquasi p servitude,duetolegal,economicandpsychicrestraintsthateffectivelyblockedtheireconomic,politicalandsocialadvancement.Id. 0 H.444` hp x (#444` XH2  15  .3   Hence,newmeasurescalled BlackCodesguaranteedcontrolofBlacksby ` whiteemployers.AsJohnHopeFranklinnotedinFromSlaverytoFreedom: @  X    <"` ` hp x444` X<X9XXX9  99  thecontrolofblacksbywhiteemployerswasaboutasgreatasthat   whichslaveholdershadexercised.Blackswhoquittheirjobcouldbearrestedandimprisonedforbreachofcontract.Theywerenotallowedtotestifyincourtexceptincasesinvolvingmembersoftheirownrace;numerousfineswereimposedforseditiousspeeches,insultinggesturesoracts,absencefromwork,violatingcurfewsandthepossessionoffirearms.Therewasofcoursenoenfranchisement p&!$ ofblacksandnoindicationthatinthefuturetheycouldlookforwardtofullcitizenshipandparticipationindemocracy. XX9   <expoX9X  %   10      999݌  Ќ    $444` X` ` X$X9XXX9      <"` ` hp x444` X<X9XXX9  =  =>݌̌    $444` X` ` X$X9XXX9  XH.444` hp x (#444` XH2  16  .3   ThepostReconstructionSouthernpracticesofpeonageandsharecropping  whichcontinuedwellintothetwentiethcenturyweredirectoutgrowthsofslaverythatcontinuedasystemofcompletecontrolbythedominantculture.Peonagewasacomplexsystemwhereablackmanwouldbearrestedfor vagrancy,orderedtopayafinethathecouldnotafford,andthenincarcerated.Aplantationownerwouldthenpaythefineandthenhirehimuntilhecouldaffordtopayoffthefine.Thepeonwasforcedtowork,lockedupatnightandifheescaped,waschasedbybloodhoundsuntilrecaptured. XX9   fBaverX9X  &Z   11        H.444` hp x (#444` XH2  17  .3   Likewise,duringthe1920s,fortunateAfricanAmericansbecame  sharecroppersonlandleasedfromwhiteswhosegrandparentshadownedtheirforebearers.TheseAfricanAmericanswerenotallowedtovote,andweresociallyandeconomicallyrelegatedtotheleftoversineducation,earnings,andfreedoms.H.444` hp x (#444` XH2  18  .3   Morerecently,a1998censusreportshowsthat26percentofAfrican  p AmericanpeopleintheUnitedStatesliveinpovertycomparedto8percentofwhites.Italsoshowedthat14.7percentofAfricanAmericanshavefouryearcollegedegrees,comparedwith25percentofwhites.Thesameyear,AfricanAmericaninfantmortalityratesweremorethantwiceashighasthoseamongwhites.FederalfiguresalsoshowthataBlackpersonbornin1996canexpecttolive,onaverage,6.6feweryearsthanawhitepersonbornthesameyear. `'"% H.444` hp x (#444` XH2  19  .3   AfricanAmericansaremorelikelytogotojail,tobetherelonger,andiftheir  crimeiseligible,toreceivethedeathpenalty.Theylagbehindwhitesaccordingtoeverysocialyardstick:literacy,lifeexpectancy,incomeandeducation.Theyaremorelikelytobemurderedandlesslikelytohaveafatherathome.H.444` hp x (#444` XH2  20  .3   Defendants,including,butnotlimitedto FLEETBOSTONFINANCIAL 0  CORPORATION , AETNAINC.,CSX,throughtheirpredecessorsininterest,  `  conspiredwithslavetraders,witheachotherandotherentitiesandinstitutions(whoseidentitiesarenotyetspecificallyidentified,butwhicharedescribedhereinas CORPORATEDOES#1100 )andotherunnamedentitiesand/orfinancialinstitutions  tocommitand/orknowinglyfacilitatecrimesagainsthumanity,andtofurtherillicitlyprofitfromslavelabor.H.444` hp x (#444` XH2  21  .3   Plaintiffsandtheplaintiffclassareslavedescendentswhoseancestorswere P forcedintoslaveryfromwhichthedefendantsunjustlyprofited.Plaintiffsseekanaccounting,constructivetrust,restitution,disgorgementandcompensatoryandpunitivedamagesarisingoutofDefendantspastandcontinuedwrongfulconduct. X  X9XXX9X9XXX9    N   N@O (OԌ̌  X9XXX9X9XXX9  _  X9XXX9X9XXX9    P  JURISDICTIONAND_VENUEPP PԌ "  Ќ  X9XXX9X9XXX9  _  E+ ` hp x (#444` XE XX9XXX9  Q   E.444` hp x (#` XE X2  22  .3   4 ThisCourthasjurisdictionoverthismatterpursuantto28U.S.C.1332(a)sincethe $" amountincontroversyexceeds$75,000perplaintiffexclusiveofinterestsandcostsand thereisdiversityofcitizenship.QER݌ P(#& Ќ  *444` X444` X* X9XXX9    E+ ` hp x (#444` XE XX9XXX9  T  E.444` hp x (#` XE X2  23  .3   4 TheCourthaspersonaljurisdictionoverthepartiesinthatthedefendantsconduct   systematicandcontinuousbusinesswithintheStateofNewYork.T^U݌̌  *444` X444` X* X9XXX9    E+ ` hp x (#444` XE XX9XXX9  oW  E.444` hp x (#` XE X2  24  .3   4 VenueisproperinthisCourtsincetheDefendantsdobusinessandmaybefoundinthe p Districtwithinthemeaningof28U.S.C.1391(a).oWX݌̌  *444` X444` X* X9XXX9    E+ ` hp x (#444` XE XX9XXX9  Z  E.444` hp x (#` XE X2  25  .3   4 PlaintiffsandtheplaintiffclassareAfricanAmericanslavedescendents.ZZ݌ 0  Ќ  *444` X444` X* X9XXX9    E+ ` hp x (#444` XE XX9XXX9  {\  E.444` hp x (#` XE X2  26  .3   4 PlaintiffisaNewYorkresidentwhoseancestorswereenslavedintheagricultural `  industry.{\&]݌̌  *444` X444` X* X9XXX9        9h hp x (#444` X9X9XXX9     _  DEFENDANTS __ _Ԍ  Ќ  $444` XhhX$X9XXX9  XH.444` hp x (#444` XH2  27  .3   Defendantsandtheotherknownandunknowndefendantsusedand/or  profitedfromslavelaborandhaveretainedthebenefitsanduseofthoseprofitsandproductsderivedfromthatslavelabor.Defendantsknewthattheplaintiffclasswassubjecttophysicalandmentalabuseandinhumantreatment.H.444` hp x (#444` XH2  28  .3   DefendantsconspiredwitheachotherwithintentionstoviolatePlaintiffs `  ancestorsbasichumanrightsfromslaveryinthatandbysodoingtoprofitfromtheseviolations.H.444` hp x (#444` XH2  29  .3   Defendant FLEETBOSTON isaDelawarecorporationwithitsprincipal  placeofbusinesslocatedat100FederalStreet,Boston,Massachusetts02110.ItdoescontinuousandsystematicbusinessinNewYork .FLEETBOSTON isthesuccessor p ininteresttoProvidenceBankwhowasfoundedbyRhodeIslandbusinessmanJohnBrown.BrownownedshipsthatembarkedonseveralslavingvoyagesandBrownwasprosecutedinfederalcourtforparticipatingintheinternationalslavetradeafterithadbecomeillegalunderfederallaw.Uponinformationandbelief,ProvidenceBanklentsubstantialsumstoBrown,thusfinancingandprofitingfromthefoundersillegalslavetrading.Uponinformationandbelief, FLEETBOSTON alsocollectedcustomfeesdue "  fromshipstransportingslaves,thus,furtherprofitingfromtheslavetrade.H.444` hp x (#444` XH2  30  .3   Defendant CSX isaVirginiacorporationwithitsprincipalplaceofbusiness p&!$  locatedat901E.CaryStreet,Richmond,VA23219.Itisasuccessorininterestto P(#& numerouspredecessorrailroadlinesthatwereconstructedorrun,atleastinpart,byslavelabor. XX9   i xX9X  '   12         31.0 4  Defendant AETNAINC.( AETNA) isacorporationwithitsprincipalplace p ofbusinesslocatedat151FarmingtonAvenue,Hartford,Connecticut06156.Uponinformationandbelief, AETNAs predecessorininterest,actuallyinsuredslaveowners 0  againstthelossoftheirhumanchattel. AETNA knewthehorrorsofslavelifeasis `  evidentinariderthroughwhichthecompanydeclinedtopaythepremiumsforslaveswhowerelynchedorworkedtodeathorwhocommittedsuicide.Additionally, AETNA    insuredenslavedAfricanswhoworkedintheagriculturalindustryofwhichPlaintiffsenslaved. AETNA, therefore,unjustlyprofitedfromtheinstitutionofslavery.4(#4(#  X  32.0 4 Defendants CORPORATEDOESNOS.1100 areothercompanies,industrial, p manufacturing,financialandotherenterprisesthat,likethenamedDefendants,its/theirpredecessors,affiliatesand/orassignsunjustlyprofitedfromslavelabor.ThedesignationCORPORATEDOESNOS.#1100isuseduntilsuchtimeasthespecificidentityofsuchadditionalcompanies,astheyrelatetothisaction,isascertainedthroughdiscoveryand/orothermeans.    _  9h hp x (#444` X9X9XXX9    Kp     B.` hp x (#hhXB CLASSALLEGATIONSKpp pԌ  Ќ $444` XX$ X9XXX9   _    33. 4 Thisactionisbroughtandmayproperlybemaintainedasaclassactionpursuantto  theprovisionoftheFederalRulesofCivilProcedure23(a),23(b)(2)and23(b)(3).Plaintiffsseekcertificationofthefollowingclass:allAfricanAmericanslavedescendants.  X34. 4 TheexactnumberofPlaintiffclassmembersisnotknown.Plaintiffsestimatethatthe 0  classincludesmillionsofAfricanAmericanslavedescendantsandthePlaintiffsestimatethattheclassissonumerousthatjoindersofindividualmembersisimpracticable.Thenumberandidentitiesoftheclassmemberscanonlybeascertainedthroughappropriateinvestigationanddiscovery.35. 4 Questionsoffactandlawarecommonwithrespecttoeachclassmember.Common  questionsoffactandlawinclude: B( hp x (#444` XB X2  a  .3   WhetherDefendantsknowingly,intentionallyandsystematicallybenefitedfrom p theuseofenslavedlaborers;?( hp x (#  X?2  b  .3   WhetherDefendantswronglyconvertedtotheirownuseandfortheirown 0 benefit,theslavelaborandservicesofthePlaintiffsforebearers,aswellas,theproductsandprofitsfromsuchslavelabor;?( hp x (#  X?2  c  .3   WhethertheDefendantskneworshouldhaveknownthattheywereassistingand   actingasaccomplicesinimmoralandinhumandeprivationoflifeandliberty;?( hp x (#  X?2  d  .3   WhetherDefendantshavebeenunjustlyenrichedbytheirwrongfulconduct;and $" ?( hp x (#  X?2  e  .3   Whether,asaresultofthishorrificandwrongfulconductbytheDefendants,the p&!$ Plaintiffclassisentitledtorestitutionorotherequitablerelief,ortocompensatoryorpunitivedamages. 0*%(   ?(` ` hp x (#  X? B.` hp x (#` ` XB X36. ` TheclaimsoftheindividuallynamedPlaintiffsaretypicaloftheclaimsofthe  PlaintiffClassMembers.PlaintiffsandallmembersofthePlaintiffClasshavebeensimilarlyaffectedbytheDefendantscommoncourseofconductandthemembersofeachclasshavesimilarclaimsagainsttheDefendants.TheclaimsofallclassmembersdependonashowingoftheDefendantscommoncourseofconduct,asdescribedherein,whichgivesPlaintiffs,individuallyandasclassrepresentative,therighttothereliefsoughtherein.37. ` ThereisnoconflictasbetweenPlaintiffsandtheothermembersoftheclasswith 0  respecttothisactionortheclaimsforrelief.Plaintiffsknowandunderstandtheirassertedrightsandtheirrolesasclassrepresentatives.38. ` Plaintiffsandtheirattorneysareabletoandwillfairly,andadequately,protectthe  interestoftheClass.SeveralofPlaintiffsattorneysareexperiencedclassactionlitigatorswhoareorwillbeabletoconducttheproposedlitigation.Plaintiffsattorneyscanvigorouslyprosecutetherightsoftheproposedclassmembers.39. ` ProsecutionofseparateactionsbyindividualPlaintiffswillcreatetheriskof P inconsistentandvaryingadjudicationsandwillestablishincompatiblestandardsofconductforDefendantsinthatdifferentCourtsmayorderDefendantstoprovidedifferenttypesofaccountingortakeotherinconsistentactions.40. ` Prosecutionsofseparateactionsbyindividualplaintiffsofotherproposedclass % #  membersnotpartytotheadjudicationswillsubstantiallyimpairorimpedetheirabilitytoprotect `'"% theirinterestinthat,forexample,Defendantsmayexhausttheiravailablefundsinsatisfyingtheclaimsofearlierplaintiffstothedetrimentoflaterplaintiffs. 41. ` Defendantshaveactedand/orrefusedtoactongroundsgenerallyapplicabletothe p proposedclass,makingfinalinjunctivereliefandcorrespondentdeclaratoryreliefappropriatewithrespecttotheclassasawholeinthatDefendantshavebeenunjustlyenrichedbyparticipationinactsthatwereknowntobeimmoralandinhumane,andDefendants:(a)preventedandorrefusedrestitutiontotheproposedclassmembers,(b)preventedand/orrefusedtodisgorgewrongfullygainedand/orearnedprofitsandbenefits,or(c)refusedtoprovideafullandcompleteaccountinganddisclosureoftheextentoftheiraforesaidactions.42. ` Commonquestionsoflawandfactpredominateintheclaimsofallclassmembers,  includingthenamedPlaintiff.TheseclaimsdependonprovingDefendantsareliablefortheiractsand/oromissionsbased,inpart,onevidenceofacommonscheme.Plaintiffsandtheplaintiffclassmembers;proposedevidentiaryshowingswouldbebasedonthesamedocumentsandtestimonyconcerningtheDefendantsactions.43. ` Aclassactionissuperiortotheotheravailablemethodsforthefair,justandefficient @ adjudicationofthecontroversy.PlaintiffsandthePlaintiffclassmembershavenointerestinindividuallycontrollingtheprosecutionofseparateactionsand,insteadareonthewholeincapableaspracticalmatterofpursuingindividualclaims.Evenifindividualclassmembershadtheresourcestopursueindividuallitigation,itwouldbeundulyburdensometotheCourtsinwhichtheindividuallitigationwouldproceed.IndividuallitigationmagnifiesthedelayandexpensestoallpartiesinthattheCourtsystemofresolvingthecontroversiesengenderedbyDefendants/individual 0*%( and/orcommoncourseofconduct.Theclassactiondeviceallowsasinglecourttoprovidethebenefitsofunitaryadjudication,judicialeconomyandthefairandequitablehandlingofallplaintiffs;claimsinasingleforum.Theconductofthisactionasaclassactionconservestheresourcesofthepartiesandofthejudicialsystem,andreservestherightsofeachclassmember.Furthermore,formostclassmembers,aclassactionistheonlyfeasiblemechanismthatallowsthemanopportunityforlegalredressandjustice.AlargeconcentrationofproposedclassmembersisestimatedtoresideinthisDistrictandnearbystates.ThemanagementofthelitigationasaclasswouldposefewproblemsforthisCourt.44. ` CertificationofthePlaintiffclassisappropriateunderFed.R.Civ.P.23(a)andalso  under23(b)(2),23(b)(3). X  3h hp x (#X3X9XXX9    g  _ g Ԍ p Ќ   XhhX X9XXX9  _  3h hp x (#X3X9XXX9      ` 6" hp x (#hhX6 EQUITABLE_TOLLING Ԍ P Ќ `  XX X9XXX9  _ X45. ` Theplaintiffshavebeenunabletosecurerecordswithregardstotheirancestorsdue 0 tothefailureofmosttobeabletoreliablyaccessshipmanifestos,orhumancargoliststhatdirectlyconnectthemtotheirdescendants.Moreover,familynameswerechangedoncetheAfricansarrivedinAmericamakingitnearlyimpossibletoaccuratelytracerecords.RecentadvancesinInternetandcomputerdatabaseshavemadetheserecordsmoreaccessibletotheaverageAfricanAmerican.46. ` Likewise,corporatehistoriesandrecordshavealsobeenextremelydifficultand $" inaccessibletomostpeople.Hence,researchtracingthemonetarybenefitderivedbyAmericancorporationsfromtheslavetradehasonlybeenaccessibleanddiscussedbyprominentresearcheswithinthelastyear. 0*%( 47. ` Moreover,effortstoattempttoraisetheissueofreparationsforAfricanAmericans  inanattempttosecureeasieraccesstoinformationhavestalledinCongress.RepresentativeJohnConyersfromMichiganhasforthelast11yearsattemptedtoproposearesolution,No.40,seekingtosetaside$8milliondollarstostudytheeffectsofslaveryandcomeupwithaformulaforreparations.Hisresolutionhasdiedincommitteeforeachofthesepastelevenyears.48. ` Moreover,withtheadventoflitigationrelatedtoreparationsforholocaustvictims `  fromgovernmententitiesandcorporations,moreemphasishasbeenplacedontheviabilityoflawsuitsforreparationsforhumanrightsviolations.49. ` Finally,theactionofeachoftheDefendantsbytheirfailuretoprovideanaccounting  totheplaintiffconstitutesacontinuingtortthattollsthestatute. X `   6" hp x (#X6X9XXX9    *  ` B.` hp x (#XB_ *֚ Ԍ p Ќ    XX X9XXX9  _ `   6" hp x (#X6X9XXX9    +  ` B.` hp x (#XB COUNTI_CONSPIRACY+ל Ԍ P Ќ    XX X9XXX9  _ X50. ` EachoftheDefendantsactedindividuallyandinconcertwiththeirindustrygroup 0 andwitheachother,eitherexpresslyortacitly,toparticipateinaplanthatwasdesignedinparttocommitthetortiousactsreferredtoherein.51. ` Forinstance,eachindustrygroupwascodependantoneachotherandoperatedas   jointenterprise,designedinpart,tomaintainandcontinueasystemofinhumaneservitude.Theshippingandrailroadindustrybenefitedandprofitedfromthetransportationoftheslaves.Therailroadindustryutilizedslavelaborintheconstructionofraillines.Thesetransportationindustriesweredependentuponthemanufacturingandrawmaterialsindustrytoutilizetheslavestheyshipped.Thecotton,tobacco,riceandsugarindustriesthrivedonprofitsgeneratedfromtheiruseofslave 0*%( labor,andrelieduponfinancialandinsuranceindustriestofinanceandinsuretheslavesthattheyutilizedandowned.Allindustries:rawmarket,retail,financial,insurance,andtransportation,benefitedfromthereducedcostsofslaveproducedgoods. P   `    COUNTIIDEMANDFORANACCOUNTING 0  52.Plaintiffsonbehalfofthemselvesandallotherdescendantswhoaresimilarlysituated, `  reallegeasiffullysetforth,eachandeveryallegationcontainedintotheprecedingparagraphs.C  $$C-4- R?+ ` hp x (#X? X24  53  .3    TheDefendantskneworshouldhaveknowoftheexistenceofcorporaterecordsthat     RE.` hp x (#` XEӀindicatetheirprofitingfromslavelabor.PlaintiffsandthepublichavedemandedthattheDefendantsrevealtheircompletecorporaterecordsregardingsameandthatajustandfairaccountingbemadeforprofitsderivedfromtheslavetrade.  54.Defendantshavefailedtoprovidesaidrecordsandhavefailedtocomplywithplaintiffsdemand.  WHEREFORE,Plaintiffsdemandjudgment:(a)requiringdefendantsmakeafulldisclosureofalloftheircorporaterecordsthatrevealanyevidenceofslavelaborortheirprofitingfromsame;(2)seekingtheappointmentofanindependenthistoriccommissiontoserveasadepositoryforcorporaterecordsrelatedtoslaveryand;(3)directingdefendantstoaccounttoplaintiffsforanyprofitstheyderivedfromslavery.  ` 6" hp x (#X6X9XXX9    0  COUNTIIIHUMANRIGHTSVIOLATIONS_0Щ Ԍ p&!$ Ќ `  XX X9XXX9  _  B.3` hp x (#XB.X9XXX9XY XXX9.    E.` hp x (#3XEX9X XXY  57. ` Plaintiffsonbehalfofthemselvesandallotherdescendantswhoaresimilarly  situated,reallegeasiffullysetforth,eachandeveryallegationcontainedintotheprecedingparagraphs.݌    XXX9XXX9X9XXX9   X58. ` TheDefendantsparticipatedintotheactivitiesoftheinstitutionofslaveryandinso   doingfurtheredthecommissionofcrimesagainsthumanity,crimesagainstpeace,slaveryandforcedlabor,torture,rape,starvation,physicalandmentalabuse,summaryexecution.Specifically,thedefendantsprofitedfromthesewrongs.59. ` Defendantsknowinglybenefitedfromasystemthatenslaved,tortured,starvedand L  exploitedhumanbeings,soastopersonallybenefitthem.Intheprocess,theDefendantsdirectlyorindirectlysubjectedtheplaintiffsancestorstoinhumanetreatment,physicalabuse,torture,starvation,executionandsubjectedtheplaintiffstothecontinuedeffectsoftheoriginalacts,includingbutnotlimitedto:racediscrimination,unequalopportunity,poverty,substandardhealthcare,substandardtreatment,substandardhousing,substandardeducation,unjustincarceration,racialprofiling,andinequitablepay.60. ` TheabovereferencedactionsbytheDefendantswereinviolationofinternational l law.61. ` Asaresultoftheabovereferencedviolationsofinternationallaw,Plaintiffsand ,"|  membersofthePlaintiffclasshavesufferedinjuryandareentitledtocompensatorydamagesinanamounttobedeterminedattrial. X 0p x (#X0X9XXX9    f    B.` hp x (#XB COUNTIV_CONVERSIONf Ԍ '#& Ќ  XX X9XXX9  _  X62. ` Plaintiffsonbehalfofthemselvesandallotherslaveancestorswhoaresimilarly   situated,reallegeasiffullysetforth,eachandeveryallegationcontainedintheprecedingparagraphs.63. ` AsaresultofDefendantsfailureandrefusaltoaccountfor,acknowledgeandreturn P  toPlaintiffsandthemembersofthePlaintiffclass,thevalueoftheirslavelabor,DefendantshavewillfullyandwrongfullymisappropriatedandconvertedthevalueofthatlaboranditsderivativeprofitsintoDefendantsownproperty.64. ` DefendantshaveneveraccountedfororreturnedthevalueofPlaintiffsancestors   slavelaborandtheprofitsDefendantsderivedfromsaidslavelabor.65. ` AsaresultofDefendantswrongfulactsandomissions,Plaintiffsandmembersof  thePlaintiffsclasshavebeeninjuredanddemandjudgmentagainsttheDefendantsjointly,severallyand/orinthealternativeonthiscauseofactionfor,amongstotherthings:(a)anaccountingoftheslavelabormonies,profitsand/orbenefitsderivedbyDefendants;(b)aconstructivetrustinthevalueofsaidmonies,profitsand/orbenefitsderivedbyDefendantsuseofslavelabor;(c)fullrestitutioninthevalueofallmonies,profits,and/orbenefitsderivedbyDefendantsuseofslavelabor;(d)equitabledisgorgementofallsaidmonies,profits,and/orbenefitsderivedbyDefendantsexploitationofslavelabor;and(e)otherdamagesinanamountinexcessofthejurisdictionallimitsofthisCourtandtobedeterminedatthetrialherein,togetherwithinterest,exemplaryorpunitivedamages,attorneysfeesandcostsofthisaction. X    0*%( COUNTVUNJUSTENRICHMENT  X66. ` Plaintiffsonbehalfofthemselvesandallotherslavedescendantswhoaresimilarly  situated,reallegeasiffullysetforth,eachandeveryallegationcontainedintotheprecedingparagraphs.67. ` Defendantshaveimproperlybenefitedfromtheimmoralandinhumaneinstitution 0  ofSlaveryintheUnitedStates.68. ` DefendantshavefailedtoaccountforandorreturntoPlaintiffsandthePlaintiffclass @  thevalueoftheirancestorsslavelaborandortheprofitsandbenefitstheDefendantsderivedtherefromandDefendantshaveconcealedthenatureandscopeoftheirparticipationintheInstitution.69. ` AsaresultoftheDefendantswrongfulactsandomissionsasdescribedabove, p Defendantshavebeenunjustlyenriched.70. ` DefendantshavebeenunjustlyenrichedattheexpenseofPlaintiffsandthePlaintiffs 0 class.PlaintiffsandthePlaintiffsclassthereforedemandrestitutionandjudgmentagainsttheDefendantsjointly,severallyand/orinthealternative,inanamountinexcessofthejurisdictionallimitsofthisCourtandtobedeterminedatthetrialherein,togetherwithinterest,exemplaryorpunitivedamages,attorneysfeesandthecostsofthisaction. X  $"  `   6" hp x (#X6X9XXX9    T  ` B.` hp x (#XB PRAYERFOR_RELIEFT Ԍ  Ќ    XX X9XXX9  _ XWHEREFOREPlaintiffsandthePlaintiffsclassdemandajurytrialandjudgmentand  damagesagainsttheDefendants,jointly,severallyand/orinthealternative,asfollows:C ( $$C-5- M9% hp x (#X9 X2(  1  )3   ForanordercertifyingthePlaintiffclassallegedherein; P  <% hp x (#  X<2(  2  )3   Foranaccounting; 0  <% hp x (#  X<2(  3  )3   Fortheappointmentofanindependenthistoriccommission; `  <% hp x (#  X<2(  4  )3   Fortheimpositionofaconstructivetrust; @  <% hp x (#  X<2(  5  )3   Forrestitutionofthevalueoftheirdescendantsslavelabor;   <% hp x (#  X<2(  6  )3   Forrestitutionofthevalueoftheirunjustenrichmentbaseduponslave  labor;<% hp x (#  X<2(  7  )3   Fordisgorgementofillicitprofits; p <% hp x (#  X<2(  8  )3   Forcompensatorydamagesinanamounttobedeterminedbytrial P togetherwithinterest;<% hp x (#  X<2(  9  )3   Forexemplaryorpunitivedamagesinanamounttobedeterminedat ` trial;      M<% hp x (#  X< % M9% hp x (#  X92 (  10  )3   Forattorneysfees;and  <% hp x (#  X<2 (  11  )3   Forthecostofthisaction. p  % ME.` hp x (#  XEDated:  "US ,  anMarch29,2002!   @  Ѐ  NewYork,NewYork 0  Q=4 <DL!(#)\+XQc=4 < DL!(#)\+X(#)XcBy:    4    <     By:  D     _________________     ].3` hp x (# X DX(#)X].X9XXX9XY XXX9.    H1` h p x (#3XHX9X XXY󀀀EDWARDD.FAGAN,ESQ.(EF4125)    ROGERS.WAREHAM,ESQ.(RW4751)݌  Ќ  E% X DX(#)XX XEX9XXX9X9XXX9    ].3` hp x (# X DX(#)X].X9XXX9XY XXX9.    6  p x (#3X6X9X XXY󀀀FAGAN&ASSOCIATES    JOMOSANGATHOMAS,ESQ.(JT7544)u݌  Ќ  ?% X DX(#)X X?X9XXX9X9XXX9    ].3` hp x (# X DX(#)X].X9XXX9XY XXX9.  (  6  p x (#3X6X9X XXY󀀀301SouthLivingstonAvenue    THOMASWAREHAM&RICHARDS    (݌̌  ?% X DX(#)X X?X9XXX9X9XXX9    ].3` hp x (# X DX(#)X].X9XXX9XY XXX9.    6  p x (#3X6X9X XXY󀀀Livingston,NewJersey07039  572FlatbushAvenue,Suite2݌  Ќ  ?% X DX(#)X X?X9XXX9X9XXX9    ].3` hp x (# X DX(#)X].X9XXX9XY XXX9.  q  6  p x (#3X6X9X XXY󀀀(973)9942908    Brooklyn,NewYork11225qW݌ p Ќ  ?% X DX(#)X X?X9XXX9X9XXX9    ].3` hp x (# X DX(#)X].X9XXX9XY XXX9.    9" p x (#3X9X9X XXY      (718)9416407݌ ` Ќ  ?% X DX(#)XX?X9XXX9X9XXX9  l=4 <DL!(#)\+ X DX(#)Xl   4 and P     237ParkAvenue,21stFloor 0   NewYork,NewYork10017  PleaseRespondtoNewJerseyAddress `   T.3` hp x (#X(#)XT.X9XXX9XY XXX9.    ZC4 <hDL!(#)\+3XZX9X XXY   ݌̌  TX(#)XXh,X(#)XTX9XXX9X9XXX9    T.3` hp x (#X(#)XT.X9XXX9XY XXX9.  `  ZC4 <hDL!(#)\+3XZX9X XXY`=݌̌  TX(#)XXh,X(#)XTX9XXX9X9XXX9    T.3` hp x (#X(#)XT.X9XXX9XY XXX9.    ZC4 <hDL!(#)\+3XZX9X XXY  BRYANR.WILLIAMS,ESQ.(BW)    BRUCEH.NAGEL,ESQ.(BN6765)݌ 0 Ќ  TX(#)XXh,X(#)XTX9XXX9X9XXX9    T.3` hp x (#X(#)XT.X9XXX9XY XXX9.    ZC4 <hDL!(#)\+3XZX9X XXYԀ  46TrinityPlace  <  h       JAYJ.RICE,ESQ.(JR9171)p݌   Ќ  TX(#)XXh,X(#)XTX9XXX9X9XXX9    T.3` hp x (#X(#)XT.X9XXX9XY XXX9.    ZC4 <hDL!(#)\+3XZX9X XXY  NewYork,NewYork10006 <  h       DIANEE.SAMMONS,ESQ.(DS9029)`݌ ! Ќ  TX(#)XXh,X(#)XTX9XXX9X9XXX9  W1` hp x (#X(#)XW   `     h     NAGELRICEDREIFUSS&MAZIE,LLP "     `     h     301SouthLivingstonAvenue,Suite201     `     h     Livingston,NewJersey07039   `     h     (973)5353100   `     h      p   andcC4 <hDL!(#)\+XXc   4    <  h       237ParkAvenue,21stFloor 0*%( i1` hp x (#Xh,X(#)Xi   `     h     NewYork,NewYork10017   `@4 <DL!(#)\+XX`X9XXX9           4    <       PleaseRespondtoNewJerseyAddress  Ԍ  Ќ  EXX XDX(#)XE X9XXX9  ]=4 <DL!(#)\+XX]   4       T.3` hp x (#X(#)XT.X9XXX9XY XXX9.    W@4 <DL!(#)\+3XWX9X XXY   4    <       MORSEGELLER,ESQ.݌ p Ќ  KX(#)X XDX(#)XKX9XXX9X9XXX9     4    <      D 11610QueensBoulevard `     4    <      D ForestHills,NewYork11375T.` hp x (#X(#)XT