Etica or Hectica is a non-material sickness. It is moreover a wasting fever, and they say that it is a continuous fever,Est febris consuetudinaria: & dicitur hectica, febris in habitu, stabilis, fixa. [R. A. 833.] without the fault of a putrescent humour, which has its origin in the heartCuius subiectum est corpus, & membrum solidum. [R. A. 833.] and the close members; and thereof are three varieties.

The first of them is light,& est quae accenditur a calore extraneo, in humiditatibus radicalibus & naturalibus, quae existunt in substantia parvarum venarum, quando accenditur ros. [R. A. 833.] that is, when the external heat is kindled in the natural and radical juices, and in the roots that are in the substance of the little veins, at the time the moisture called rose is kindled. The second is in the moisture which is in the flesh, and when it is dispersed, it can be cured at times by food alone, and that is when the fluid called cambium is kindled.Quando cambium accenditur, quae est secunda humiditas. [R. A. 834.] The thirdTertia reliquis deterior, est illa, cuius calor extraneus situs est in profundo, in membris solidis spermaticis ... & in ista specie febris accenditur (consumitur 38) gluten, quod continuat partes ad invicem. [R. A. 834.] form is the worst of them, when the external heat deepens itself in the close spermatic members; and this is when the moisture called gluten is corroded (?), for it binds the members together.

The following are the causes of hectica. Everything that heats, and dries, and burns the heart, and the close members; and it also comes from other diseases preceding it, such as ephemera and causon and their like. And especially to those to whom abstinence is ordered in a wrong season,Propter nimiam abstinentiam, & propter sitim superfluam, ubi non datur aqua frigida. [R. A. 836.] Abstinentia in non suo loco. 38. or who are refused a drink of cold water at a time when they should drink it; for it is easy for them, and those of a hot dry complexion to pass into hectica; also for lean people. It comes also through the fault of the heart, the lungs, and the chest, as are phthisis, and apostema, and their like. It is produced by accidents of the soul, which are long and puissantItem accidentia animi fortia & diuturna exsiccant corpus ... & maxime dolor, tristitia, angustia, ira ex labore defatigante corpus & animam, ut ex carcere. [R. A. 836.], and especially pain and depression and oppression of mind, anger, and labour that fatigues body and soul, and long lying in prison. Therefore Avicenna says, he who leaves his usual workDimittens, vel relinquens exercitium. [R. A. 837.] passes into hectica; the which is surprising, for they who avoid labour, rest for the most part, and resting moistens the body.

Item he who does this, takes to himself a disease from fulness of humours; so it is not a wasting sickness he contracts.Talis incurrit morbos repletionis, non gratia inanitionis. [R. A. 837.] Item he who forsakes his work, becomes cold thereby, ^therefore I say there are two hecticas: hectica that comes from old age, and that which comes accompanied by fever. He who avoids his work, contracts the hectica of old age, for the excess remains in the body, and that weakens it and the digestion, and causes diseases from fulness of humours: that being so, it throws a man into old age, the which age is cold and dry as the heat is weakened on account of the excess remaining in the body, and so the digestion is weakened, and the food is not sufficiently digested in the stomach or the liver: for the error produced in the first digestion is not corrected in the second, according to Isidorus; nor in the third, therefore the members receive neither plentiful nor sufficient nourishment, and are impoverished, and so hectica follows the swelling.i. e. dropsy; cf. [R. A. 837.] Et hoc fit in Hydrope & Hectica. Through this we should say, the first thing to be consumed in hectica is the recent fattening surrounding the firm solid members internally (the which is not the fat bordering on the skin), and thereafter the older fattening is consumed.Deinde antiquior consumitur, sicut mixta cum carne, & ista vocatur aruina; unde versus; intus adeps, pinguedo foris, aruinaque mixtum. [R. A. 837.] Or the species of hectica are defined (?)Vel definitur species hecticae non per consumptionem diversarum humiditatum, sed diversorum membrorum. [R. A. 837.], not according to the consumption[Lit.] the consumption of the change of the liquids ... of the change of the members. [R. A. 837.] of the various liquids, but because of that of the various members, such as the fat and flesh first, the arteries and veins thereafter, the bones and the cartilages in part.Cartilaginum, secundum partem, non secundum totum. [R. A. 837.] Thus he who contracts hectica passes into diseases produced by fulness of humoursEt sic patet, quod per accidens incipit Hectica, per morbos repletionis, & propter humiditatem accidentalem, sicut in Hydrope. [R. A. 837.] per accidens, into accidental flux, and moisture, such as dropsy.

Speaking of the hectica that comes (along) with fever; sometimes it comes accidentally, for he who avoids his work, retains the superfluities, which through want of windiness go to heat, and corrupt. Hectica follows every putrid fever that comes frequently, or continues and remains long. In this way, I grant that heavy labours and weak immoderate exercise produce hectica of themselves, while long lying ^{in prison} and avoiding regular occupation cause it accidentally. Excessive coitus does the same, also great flux of the belly (diarrhoea), excessive haemorrhoidal or catamenial flow, or that of urine, or excessive vomiting; constant vigil, or excessive meditation; and everything that heats and dries the body unduly. Avicenna says, fever is frequently generated by too violent purging, and especially hectica.

Signs of hectica. The pulse ^{and the heat}& caloris quantitatem [add.] [R. A. 839.] of the sick man should be noted at the end of three hours after taking food, and observe whether it (the heat) is greater in the nerves (?) than in the veinsUt an maiorem caliditatem invenias in arteria, quam in locis vicinis, & an febris sit aequalis, atque uniformis, & non cadat in eam diversitas quantum est de ratione sui, nec in prima die, nec in secunda. [R. A. 839.] ^{or in} the places nearest to them; for when the heat is equal there is no difference between them, as regards its own nature. The skin becomes withered, the which is a sign of the first form of hectica, which is hard to recognise and easy to cure, according to Avicenna; for he says, the first form may be recognised through its want of dryness.Quia est ibi magna siccitas. [R. A. 839.] And Galen says, the heat increases in sufferers from hectica when they eat food; and Averroes says, this occurs three hours thereafter, that is, when it is digesting.Quando cibus digeritur. [R. A. 839y.] AndRespondeo, quod quando [R. A. 840] sumit cibum futurum .i. cibum extra, corpus refrigeratur: sed quando sumit cibum in via digestum in stomacho, & aliquo modo non opt. coctum, isque per membra spargatur, tunc calefacit illa, sicut panni calefiunt a corpore, & postea illa ipsa corpora calefaciunt ... [R. A. 843] Signa secundae speciei hecticae: siccitas apparet notabilis, & quacunque hora cibatur, magis inflammatur, spiritusque velox est: unde cibatio est signum certum cum calore sequente. In tertia specie, oculi sunt concavi, tempora plana, cutis tensa, venter adhaeret dorso. [R. A. 839 et seqq.] I say, when the patient consumes food, i.e. extra food, it cools the body forthwith, and when he consumes ^{food in the natural way of} digestion in the stomach, along with a kind of digestion in the liver, then it is ^dispersed throughout the members, so that it heats then, and ^{thereafter heats} the members as a cloth that is in the day about a man, takes heat from the body, and ^{itself heats} the body thereafter. In the second variety of hectica ^{understand that dryness is} apparent therein, and whatever time he takes food, ^{so much the greater is} the inflammation and his pulse is the less thereof, ^{and there is no} sign of hectica ^{more certain} than that. ^{In the third form of hectica,} the eyes are sunken, ^{the skin drawn,} and the belly adheres to the back, the pulse is hard and taut as it were a cord being stretched, the urine is like oil, and should it strike against a stone it emits a dull sound.Rauce sonat. [R. A. 843.] Therefore when the fever sets in, it impoverishes the body, dries the skin, the face becomes deformed, and the eyes deepen. When it reaches the last stage of hectica, you will see his eyes as though there were ashes scattered on them, and the lids are drawn down like one who has spasmus;Subeth [R. A. 843.] the skin of the forehead is drawn and dry; the ears become yellow, and the skin of that part called mirach is dry and wrinkled. Mirach is the membrane that lies outside siphac on the belly, with siphac within, the which separates the nutritive organs from those of generation, and the intestines are contained therein. The pulse is stretched like a cord, weak and rapid, and the urine like oil.

ItemHîc notandum de urinis quod ... crinoides apparet in adustione carnis, & sanguinis in prima specie .i. in coniunctione cum secunda specie: des petalodea, ... vel squamosa urina est de superficie membrorum solidorum: at purpurea, de centro eorum; & sunt peiora, & significantia tertiam speciem hecticae. [R. A. 844.] the bodies called crimnodes are present in the urine from the burning of blood and flesh, in the first form of hectica, and also in its combination with the second form. The bodies come like scales from the surface of the strong members, but the bodies like bran from their centre, which is a sign of the third form of hectica, and these are the worst therein: and the smaller they are, the worse; for then they come from the strongest members. If the bodies called crimnodes should come from one member only, then the bigger they are the worse; and so Egidius was not right in saying that the bodies called crimnodes signified the third form of hectica. ^Sometimes the bodies like bran come from the bladder,Aliquando veniunt e vesica; & tunc urina est naturalis. At quando a toto corpore fit hectica, tunc est coloris maligni. [R. A. 844.] then the urine is a good colour; and at other times should they come from the whole body, as in hectica, then it is evil-coloured.

Crimnodes are fat particlesSedimenta. [R. A. 844.] like wheat broken large or badly ground. When there is fat in the urine, if it come from the whole body, and appear slowly, it will be like a fishing net, in the first form of hectic fever. If it come suddenly, it comes from the kidneys, and the colour of fever will not be on the urine. If the sediment[Lit.] fat. Pinguedo [R. A. 844.] be as thick as a spider's web, it is a sign of the second form of hectic fever, and if it be like oil it typifies the third form. For Averroes says, it is seldom this fever comes except after the fever called ephemera; save in bodies predisposed to it, or else after a putrid fever. Therefore it is necessary to know what are the signs of the combining of this fever ^{i.e. ephemera} with hectic fever,Cognoscantur per mutationem Ephemerae in Hecticam. [R. A. 844.] and they are as follows: excess of vigour on the third day particularly as regards heat, as ephemera often begins to decrease after twelve hours, and when it goes beyond twelve hours with no signs of decreasing, but continues every day till the end of the third day,Usque ad septimam diem. [R. A. 845.] then it is hectic fever.

These are the signs of the combination of hectic fever with putrid fever: the urine and the faeces are fatty, and paroxysmsEt paroxysmi communicantes, cum arefactione cutis, & remanentia caliditatis sicca, post declinationem febris, & paroxysmorum; unde in hectica vera non sunt paroxysmi, sed tantum unus ... [R. A. 845.] come, accompanied by shrivelling of the skin, which remains hot and dry after the decrease of the fever and the paroxysm^s. Understand there is only one paroxysm^{From beginning of sentence to this point, the} translation is from P1. in true hectic fever, in which are the four stages of disease. If true hectic fever come from an ^{inflammatory imposthumeAb hepate calido, tunc pulsus est frequens valde. [R. A. 845. Line omitted in P.] the pulse will be very rapid}.

These are the signs of stasis in this fever: if hectic fever come, the nails bend and sharpen; the skin appears as though there were dust thereon from sunburn, and dried ^mucus matterSigna status huius febris sunt, quando ungues incurvantur, & in cute apparet veluti pulvis ex adustione solis, & lippa sicca: & oculi non bene aperiuntur propter gravitatem aperiendi palpebras, & supercilia ... [R. A. 845.] [Lit.] The brows are not raised because of ... the eyes are, and the heaviness of the eyelids. ^{from the eyes}. The eyes are not opened because of the difficulty of raising the eyelids and the brows, but remain shut as though the patient were asleep. The nose becomes pinched,Nares subtiliantur, pili elongantur in superciliis, ... spatulae elevantur. [R. A. 845.] and the hair of the eyebrows grows long, the shoulders are drawn up, and then is the stasis of the second form of hectic fever; and when at the decrease the cartilagesQuando liquefiunt cartilagines. [R. A. 845.] dissolve, then comes the third form of hectica. Item in the first form of hectic fever, the patient is better after a meal than before. In the second form, he is better before it. In the third form it is equal.

Prognostics of this fever which is called hectic. Note, it is easy to cure the first form of it after it is recognised, though its recognising is difficult. The diagnosis of the second form is easy, but its cure is difficult. And for no power in the worid can the third form be cured,Nisi Deus voluerit. [R. A. 846. add.] for it is not possible to moisten the strong members, that is, especially, the spermatic, once they get dry. Item when the nails bend, and the hair falls, death will be near; and if diarrhoea come, the strength will collapse suddenly. A flux is almost always bad at the end of every long sickness; and if the calves swell, it is probable that the patient will die before the third day. When the palms are dry to the touch, and hot after food, the matter has turned to phthisis. Item if the appetite fail, and he is not able to take or swallow food, on account of the dryness of the gullet, and can only consume wet things, then death is near.

Item when hectic feverHectica frigida stomachi curabilis est. [R. A. 847.] comes from the stomach, Hali says it is curable: for when hiccup is produced by dryness of the same, it is ^likewise curable. And Galen says, the cause is the same when either hiccup or hectic fever is produced by dryness of the stomach, asIdeo sciendum, quod spasmus de siccitate, & singultus, sint de eadem fere caussa, & consimili: & singultus est quidam spasmus non verus; & ideo singultus de siccitate humiditatis nutribilis, curabilis est: & ista est cum hectica stomachi, & in prima specie: ... Sed singultus, vel spasmus de inanitione, vel siccitate humidi radicalis, vel spermatici est incurabilis; & talis non est in stomacho, nisi sit consumptio unversalis, sicut in Phthisicis, & Hecticis. [R. A. 847.] hiccup is only an unreal spasmus of the stomach: and therefore when it comes from dryness of the nutritive juices, it is curable. The same is true in hectic fever ^arising from the stomach in the first form; nevertheless, when hiccup or cramp arises from inanition of the spermatic juice, it is incurable; this is not the case in the stomach, except it suffer consumption or labour (?), as in the case of hectic fever and phthisis patients.

The cure of this fever is accomplished first by cold moist things, and by cold wet foods; then by electuaries; then by baths; then unguents; and then by regimen of food and drink; and after that by things7. per ea quae aërem rectificant. *. per curationem symptomatum supervenientium. [R. A. 847.] that correct the air, ^and through the cure of the accidents. These are the cold wet thin things: food and medicaments. These are the medicines: common syrups, syrup of water rue, syrup of roses, and of violets. If it be accompanied by ^putridEt si coniungitur putridae ... [R. A. 847.] fever, then a vinegar syrup is good, and simple and compound oxymel.Oxysacchara [R. A. 847.]

Item make this drink for hectic fever patients.

The following are the thin foodsCibi inaequaliter liquidi sunt ... [R. A. 849.] that cure: barley water, filtered tisane, white wine, watery and sweet-tasting; broth of capons and hens; milk, barley or oaten sowens unflltered, cullis,Colatura aquae carnis. [R. A. 849.] and water of meat. These things are good here, for Galen says that it is easier for a man to fill himself with drink than with food,Quia facilius est repleri potu quam cibo, crasso nimirum, quia in istis digestiva est debilis. [R. A. 849.] and this should be understood of thin food, or of fat, as the digestion in these is weak. (And) Averroes says, tisane is the best food for folk who have a warm dry complexion to take after bathing, if the weather be warm and dry, because it cools, moistens, and helps the expulsion of excess in every weather, and in every way. I say likewise, a hot, dry complexion is accidental here. And if you say there is no excess matter in this case, because it is not a material sickness, then I reply that superfluities are generated therein, through the excessive weakness of force, or the want of digestion, though they be scarce and not the matter of this disease.[R. A. 849 continues:]attamen illae superfluitates remanentes sunt aliquando caussa febris putridae coniunctae cum Hectica.

The tisane should be made of barley thus: let it be cleaned and boiled until it is broken up, and ^then strain it, or else put barley in a glass vesselHordeum ponatur in vase vitreo, vel alio exiguo, pleno aqua; & vas illud ponatur in cacabo aquae pleno, decoquaturque sine fumo. [R. A. 849.] full of water, and boil it without smoke. Some people put the following quantity in: 3lib. i. [R. A. 849.] lbs. barley, and 6 lbs of water, others put in 20x. lib. & deinde decoquunt ad consumptionem fere duarum librarum. [R. A. 849.] lbs. of water, but there is nothing in it but that it must be boiled down to 2 lb.

And Averroes says, wine is good for sufferers from hectic fever, watery white wine, sweet-smelling, and every other watery wine, along with barley water, provided that it be drunk after the digestion of the food. It will give greater relief than syrup,Quam aqua: nam vinum natationem aquae in stomacho vetat. [R. A. 850.] for the wine prevents the food from swimming about in the stomach, disperses the flatulence, provokes the urine and the sweat; and helps nature to expel excess matter, when those who have this fever suffer from want of digestion, and especially when they suffer from want of sleep and worry. Avicenna says moist things do harm in hectic fever, as they are heating, and wine should be understood here, for it is wet. But Isidorus says, wine is wet as regards melancholy, and dry as regards phlegm. It is wet according to complexion, ^but since it provokes the sweat and the urine, it is easily turned to choler; therefore it is dry as regards virtue, and not as regards material dominion,Ideo est siccum virtualiter: vel dominio materiali est humidum, & dominio formali est siccum; ... Vel est humidum in substantia .i. liquidum; vel quia humectat substantialiter, quoniam facile convertitur in sanguinem; attamen complexionaliter est siccum. [R. A. 850.] wherein it is wetter, nor as regards formal dominion, wherein it is drier; as is said, for example, that it is wet in substance, i.e. thin, or otherwise that it moistens according to its substance (substantially) because it is easily converted to red blood; nevertheless since it is dry, it is not good here, except thin watery wine ^taken seldom and in small quantities when the force is weak.

Bernard saysNot in R. A. from this point to paragraph 22., note that new wine is hot in the first degree, old wine hot in the third degree, and medium wine in the second degree. Old wine is good as a remedy only;[Lit.] Old wine is not good ... as a remedy only. and new wine is neither good as food nor as a remedy; but medium wine is good as food, and drink, and remedy. Wine is good for hot people, for it purges them; and for moist people, for it moderates the moisture and ripens ^it; and for cold people, for it brings them to moderation; and it is good for dry people, as it moistens and cheers them. According to this it is good for every complexion—that is, good wine.

It is not good for every age as it is only adding fire to fire to give it to youths, according to Avicenna; and as much as it comforts the old, so much also it injures the young. ^Galen[?] says, if wine be drunk in moderation when it is required, it comforts the natural and animal forces, and gives good cheer and confidence. However much it gives relief if taken in moderation, it does still more harm if taken immoderately, for if the stomach be choleric, it turns it to choler; and if cold, it turns it to acidity and causes paralysis and cramp; and he who has a weak head gets drunk easily. Drunkenness comes from weakness of the brain, or excessive strength of the wine, or emptiness of the stomach, or from its being full of humours; therefore it is a rule that it is not right to drink wine without eating something first.

It is not proper for a man who has a weak head to drink wine, except a little with water; so anyone who is at a feast, or drinking with friends, if he cannot keep his head, let him eat pears or the stalks (?) of cabbage, or its seed after his meal. If ill hap cause him to get drunk, as he will notice first by his tongue stumbling, let him get up and vomit. If it be a man, wash his extremities and rub them ^{and his testicles with salt}; and if a woman, wash her extremities and her breasts; let water be dashed on the face, and rub the head with rose water, and let him be a day and a night without food or drink. On the following day, let him do work and bathe, and let him eat something late, avoiding things hard to digest: and I say it is not seemly for a Christian to get drunk with his own knowledge. For though there come vomiting and sweat thereafter, yet it is very dangerous to vomit, for fear lest he fall into epilepsy, or apoplexy, or in the case of a woman, suffocatio hysterica. So there is many a way that is better than this of purging the body, and it is all against God and reason.

Let those of hot complexion drink white wine, thin, and tempered with water, for there are no comforts in wine but for moderate or cold bodies; and let no one drink wine after coition or heavy work, unless he take a rest thereafter, or unless he eat something that will bring comfort to the stomach.

Note, thinCibus liquidus, medicinalis. [R. A. 850.] food is the remedy that avails most in this sickness, e.g. milk, according to Averroes. The best milk here is firstly breast milk, then ass's milk, then goat's milk, and then cow's milk, and it were better the butter be taken off it. When putrid fever is joined to hectic, Galen says, milk is no use then, for it is easy to corrupt milk, and sperm, and blood.Quia lac, sperma, & sanguis facilime corrumpuntur: nam sperma non manet una hora extra vasa, quin corrumpatur: vel uno momento scribit Galenus ... Idem de lacte dici potest. [R. A. 850.] He (Galen) says, indeed, sperm is not out of the vessels an hour, or a moment, till it is corrupted.

The milk should be drunk from the breast by sucking, and if this be loathsome to the patient, let him take it as hot as possible.Vel si patiens forte hoc abhorreat, ... capiatur ergo vas plenum aqua calida, & aliud vacuum, ablutum cum aqua calida, quod superponatur, ibidemque colligatur, & velociter hauriatur: ... ea quantitate, qua digeri potest. [R. A. 851.] Take a vessel full of hot water, and put another ^{vessel washed with} hot water on top of it, and milk the milk into the latter; let it be drunk in haste, and it should be taken fasting, as much thereof as a man will be expected to digest, because it turns to curds easily in the stomach, and then it is nothing but poison. Therefore it is best only to give a little of it at first, and increase it by degrees until it reaches a pound, according to Averroes. Otherwise bring it to the boil, and add a little water, and honey, and salt, or else ^add mint, or its juice, and quench red hot river stones or hot iron therein, and thereby so much the longer it will be without corruption; it will not curdle,Tunc tardius corrumpetur; & ideo coagulabitur, citiusque descendet e stomacho. [R. A. 851.] and so much the quicker will it leave the stomach; if it curdle, that will be known by the pulse, which is then weak and tight; if it does not curdle, then the pulse is strong and full, according to Galen. He says it is recognised by the smallness of the belly, that the milk is digested, and if it be ass's milk it is longer in curdling there. He teaches that the ass should be fattened with barley and lettuce and the like.

Note, these are the best broths in this sickness: broth of beef, chicken, capon, mutton (ram's meat), soup of cabbage and peas. These are good for those who have hectic fever, or whatever fever they have, except ague (sharp trembling).Hecticis, & febricantibus conveniunt, sed in acutis minus valent. [R. A. 851.] And note, though people say that meat water ^{and broth}Quoniam quidam credunt quod aqua carnis, & brodium decoctionis eius, sint idem. Sciendum quod differant, ut scribit Avicenna ... plures vero sunt Medicorum, existimantes, quod aqua carnis sit brodium decoctionis eius, non tamen ita se res habet; sed potius aqua carnis est succus per decoctionem extractus, a carnibus minutis, donec coniunctum desudando fluat ab eis, & in aquam vertatur caro, & eius colatura est aqua carnis. Et hoc est tantum dicere, quod carnes arietinae ... scindendae sint in partes minutas, & decoquendae, fortiterque exprimendae: postea succus exiens est aqua carnis. [R. A. 852.] are the same, yet that is not true. Meat water consists in cutting the meat fine, and boiling it, bruising it and squeezing and extracting the juice therefrom: it is generally known what the broth of meat is ... (?) Do not give soup of cabbage or peas in this fever if there be flux.

Two remedies are ordered here, called ordeatum and avenatum; one made from barley and one from oats. To make ordeatum, take the husks off the barley, and wash it well in frequent changes of water, and boil it as long as you would boil beef.Caro vaccina. [R. A. 852.] Then bruise it well in a mortar, and add almond milk to it, strain it through a cloth, and boil till it begins to thicken; it is improved by boiling meat with it. In the same way avenatumSi volueris ibi decoquere carnes, melius erit. Ita quoque conficitur avenatum. Gruellum Anglicorum proprie fit e farina avenae crassa, excorticata, ex qua cum carnibus, & lacte amygdal: vel cerevisia, fit optima potio sorbilis, liquida, conveniens hecticis, & consumptuis, & fere omni homini ... [R. A. 852.] ^{proper is made, the which is naught} but a kind of pottage, of oatmeal ^{along with} water and meat, and that forms the gruel that ^{the English} make with gross oatmeal and water and meat, which is a good thin pottage with ale. ^{It is good for} hectic patients and people ^{going into a decline}, and for almost all people.

^{An electuary}Electuaria quae in hac febre valent mane, sunt; zuccarum violatum ... Deinde post prandium utatur zuccaro rosato. [R. A. 852.] is good in these fevers, early, ^{called violet sugar} rose sugar, ^given after a meal and made as follows: ℞ 1 lb. of sugar; drachm idrachm ii [R. A. 853.] of pearls; and drachm i t of white and red coral; make a powder of them, and mix with sugar of roses, to be taken with rosewater. Give this electuary at bedwardSero utatur electuario. [R. A. 853.] and on rising: ℞ ounceii of each of these: diatragac: frig:, diapenidii frigidi without cinnamon. Mix them well and drink with barley water. If putrid fever[Lit.] matter. Si putrida sit conjuncta hecticae, tunc valent rosata novella ... & tunc in prima specie cum putrida possunt decem guttae sanguinis extrahi. [R. A. 853.] be combined with hectica, rosata novella is good in the first form of the combination of putrida with hectica. If possible let a little blood then, because weMedicus [R. A. 853.] ought to check the putrid matter first, as it kills a man quickest, and here diatriosant: and diarrhodon abatis are advantageous.

Understand, unless putrida be in conjunction, or there be an imposthume on the intestines, or the sick man have a cough, a bath is good in this fever twice a day, after the food is digested, if he be used to it;Nisi ad balneum sit assuefactus. [R. A. 853.] but it should only be tepid, because heat resolves and heats and purges, and therefore it is no use in this non-materialErgo talis non competit in morbo materiali. [R. A. 853.] fever. He should also not be ^{in the bath} so long that he sweatSed aqua tepida infundi debet super eum, donec corpus eius incrassetur, & parum incipiat rubere, & postea statim aqua frigida debet superaspergi ... [R. A. 853.] therein, but cold water should be poured on him at once, or else sprinkled, so that it hurt him not. A bath of tepid or hot water does not avail them for the purging of their bodies, so that they might endure coldAquam frigidam [R. A. 853.] ^water at the end of the bath, according to Galen.

Averroes says cold water is best therein, if he be able to endure it with equanimity, and rub the extremities and the spinal column afterwards with oils, compounded of oil of violets, and water rue, or of roses or some styptic thing in which is some cold,Aliqua ex parte frigida. [R. A. 854.] in order to retain the moisture of the bath inside. Let him be dried then with a soft linen cloth, and put to bed with clothsPatiens pannis involutus. [R. A. 854.] round him; then give milk as before mentioned. When that is digested, bathe him again as before mentioned. When that is digested, bathe him again as before, and put him and put him in an emptyIn domum humidam, tranquillam, bene redolentem, in qua sit modicus aër. [R. A. 854.] dwelling, lonely and sweet-smelling, in which is little air, and thereafter open the windows to cool the air, for the air should be temperedQuia stupha in aëre calido nocet eis: & aër debet esse temperatus, ubi deponunt vestes, & nudi balneantur. [R. A. 854.] where he has no clothes on, while he goes into the bath. Let there be a cold bright cloth in sight of his bed, on which is sprinkled rose water, after the bath and the unguents. Have a vessel full of cold water in which are sally leaves and rose and vine leaves near to his bed, and spread sally leaves round it, gathered before sunrise, whereon rose waterAqua rosarum camphorata [R. A. 854.] is sprinkled, and let him sleep after eating. If the weather be hot,Tempore calido aër refrigeretur cum aqua ab alto cadente, & tempore frigido trahatur aër, sicuti si a stomacho [etc.] ... Si a corde, dentur cordialia frigida. [R. A. 854.] let the air be cooled by water violently shaken, raised up in a vessel, and let down again into a vessel that is low.

If it come from the stomach, or the chest, or the kidneys, or the intestine called jejunum, the evil complexion spreads throughout the whole body. If from the heart, give cold cordials, such as roses, camphor, flowers of water rue, bone of stag's heart and the like. If it be caused by an imposthume, let it be cured ^{as before mentioned}.Ut prius dictum est. [R. A. 854.] If from heat of the liver, or from the midriff, the lungs, the womb, or the intestine called colon, or the veins called meseraie, then allay the matter whence it came first.

The following is the most appropriate and best bath here, a bath of warm milk,Quod balneum in lacte dulci tepido sit optimum. [R. A. 854.] [Lit.] a warm nutritive bath. and as it would be too costly for poor people, let them boil three gallons, or four of new milk, soak a sheet folded in three therein, and before it begins to cool, put it about the sick man. Have milk slightly heated, at handAntequam lac infrigidatur, debet aliquo modo calidum superinfundi, ut actualis caliditas, vel frigiditas, non laedat [R. A. 855.] to pour on him for fear of his being injured by cold, and dry him thereafter with a fine linen cloth. This is good for everyone who is in consumption, unlessSi non adsit febris putrida. [R. A. 855.] fever or an imposthume be present.

Note, the cold of milk does less harm to the body than the cold of water, though cold of any kind is harmful to sufferers from hectic fever, according to Galen, on account of their leanness; and as he says, no cold thing gives help without harm;Sed nihil est iuvativum sine nocumento. [R. A. 855.] therefore give cold things in the best order possible. Item take a large number of yolks of eggs, mix them well with new milk, and make a bath of them; it is not necessary to rub in unguents after this, as the yolks keep in the moisture of the milk.

The following plastersElectuaria [R. A.] [An leg. electuaries or cerates?] are good for the stomach, the liver, and the warm dry members: rose, mastych, sanders, and wax for the stomach; hepatica, mastych, lignum aloes, and calcined ivoryItem cerotum Galeni quod propositum est in cura quartanae hic quoque valet. [R. A. 855. add] for the liver. These are the juicesSimiliter succus sempervivi ... farinae hordei subtilis, cum substantia istorum ponantur in panno. [R. A. 855.] that are good for them: juice of houseleek, liverwort, sorrel, coltsfoot, lettuce, endive, plantago, and flour of barley meal; or put the substance of these in a linen cloth, and apply them to the part in which is heat, and it should be ^frequentlyFrequenter renoventur & cerotis apponendis modicum addatur aceti. [R. A. 855.] changed; and if you do not this (frequent changing), it will do harm.

This is the nourishment (diet) that is ordered them: milk to be drunk as aforesaid; a bath to be taken after digesting food, and let him eat a little easily-digested food with moist substanceCarnes digestibiles in parva quantitate, & in liquida substantia ut plurimum, vel in pane: & facta digestione, iterum balneari debet [etc.] [R. A. 855.]. On digesting this he should bathe, and be anointed as above.

These are the meats best in this case: chickensPulli galinarum [R. A. 855.] fattened on wheat, and yolks of eggs are good here, and a custardCandellum [R. A. 856.] made of them with a little wine. Capons are good fattened on wheat; partridges, and pheasants,Phasiani [R. A. 856.] and lean pork. Averroes says, the latter is most nourishing, but only give a little of it, well pounded and well chewed.Quod caro porcina caeteris sit nutribilior, sed durae digestionis; ideo in minori quantitate dari debet, & bene trita vel masticata ... [R. A. 856.] Give especially the meat of the back, a little of which is good along with bread.

Item take barley or wheat, and boil it well in milk, or water, with many snails,Decoquatur in aqua cum limacibus. [R. A. 856.] and feed the hens thereon; ^{in this way they} are good for lean people, as they fatten them. Item fatten a capon on the flowers of a tree that bears fruit in the first monthDe floribus arborum fructiferarum in Maio. [R. A. 856.] of summer; the which is good for sufferers from hectica. Item make small portionssi ficus scindantur in duas partes, & cum pane offerantur, impinguant gallinas valde. [R. A. 856.] of figs, and give to the hens to fatten them. PiglingsCarnes, hoedina, porcina assata. [R. A. 856.] and flesh of kids roasted, can also be given in this sickness, on taking off the hard, outer parts (crackling) that are on them; and flesh of lambs and kidsSimiliter agnina, caprina, iuvenes, in brodio. [R. A. 856.] is good here; and I do not say to give meat to them, except that which has been mentioned hitherto.

These are the herbs that are good for their pottage: liverwort, mallows, violets, lettuce, patience, but lettuce is specially good for sufferers from hectic fever, as they need it to make them sleep. As their powers are weak and they cannot eat much at a time, their food should be divided, and a little given often. The fish that is best for them is freshwater fish, on which are scales.

The best bread for them is bread of barley and wheat mixed;De hordeo mixto cum frumento. [R. A. 857.] and add a little salt to it, and wash it in water or wine before it is eaten. Let it not be so new that it be hot.Sed non sit recens, seu calidus. [R. A. 857.] It may be soaked in new milk, in which way it forms a good food, and very fattening. Let him not eat marrow or brains.De cerebellis & medullis non comedat, nisi de medulla cervi vel vituli, & brodio sine sale. Ungatur cum dialthaea, & cum unguento phthisicorum, cum oleo amygdal: dul: addita pauca cera; supra pectus ... [R. A. 857.] Nevertheless an ointment may be made and rubbed on the chest and joints of marrow of deer and calves, mixed with unsalted butter, fresh pig's lard, and that of hens; and add a little wax and gum arabic. This is very good, if hectic fever come from the midriff.Istud etiam optimum est, si Hectica veniat a diaphragmate inflammato, cuius signa sunt ... [R. A. 857.]

These are the symptoms thereof, delirium (want of sensealienatio mentis, anhelitus frequens & parvus. [R. A. 857.]) and shortness of breath; for in the delirium that is caused by the midriff, the breathing is short and quick, and in that that comes from the brain there is no great harm to the breathing, but rather to the eyes and nose, and drops of blood drip from them. Galen says, if this fever come from the midriff, the breathingAnhelitus inordinate se habet: nunc minimus existens, nunc spississimus, nunc magnus & rarus, nunc tardus, orthosmosus [R. A. 857z.] is now too short, now too long, and now too slow, and sometimes when he breathes inAliquando una attractione bis attrahunt aërem; aliquando bis eundem emittunt. [R. A. 858.] the air, he has to draw in twice and do the same to expel it.

Item in this sickness the following are good: maidenhair, mint, pollitricum, together with liquorice and mallow flowers, also roses along with the large, cold seeds, and sugar. Rub salt and vinegar to his veins and feet, and wash them with sally and vine leaves. A laxative clyster is good in hectic fever, of violet oil and salt. Rub violet oil round the midriff, and soak a linen cloth in cold juices and lay it thereon. It is not meet to cool that part too much, lest it provoke the cough. Put lettuce, poppy and coriander in their food. Cold air, ^produced naturally or artificially, is useful here, and is all but sufficient cure. In all hectic fevers where a man cannot take food, it is good to give a clyster made of cullis of chickens and capons, together with beef-tea, asQuia virtus attractiva attrahit ab umbilico, ut patet in embryone in utero materno: ergo ab intestino ieiuno, quia usque ad hoc intestinum ascendit clyster & non ultra, nisi cum magna violentia. [R. A. 858.] the attractive force draws away from the navel. This is clear in pregnancy; that is, it draws back (?) in the intestine called jejunum, for the clyster goes so far, and not beyond, except by violence.

Concerning the accidentsCirca symptomata supervenientia. [R. A. 858.] that come in this fever, understand that flux is dangerous in this case, as also in phthisis and dropsy. If it occur, give sugar of roses, red coral and pearls, together with mastych. Item take two handfuls of each of the following: plantago, ribwort, and shepherd's purse; ouncei of roses, and 3 handfuls of lettuce, and parched barley and make a drink thereof ^{with water wherein} is quenched red hot iron, together with sugar. Item ^{it is possible} to give ^{a pottage} of ram's flesh, and almond milk, and plantago, and liverwort, and cabbage leaves ^{boiled in water} and squeezed out.

Item take small white pullets, for ^{those are the coldest}, and feed them on barley ^{boiled in sumach} and violets: let him drink the broth of ^{these birds and eat their substance}.Item: ex plantagine, hepatica, caulibus decoctis in tribus aquis, & [R. A. 859] expressis cum lacte amygdal: & carne arietina, fiat pro eis potio talis. Item, cape plantaginis lanceolate, sanguinariae, ana M. 2. rosarum unc. 1. lactucae M. 3. cum hordeo assato fiat potus, additis aqua extinctionis ferri & zuccaro ... Vel; capiantur pullae parvae iuvenes, albae, quae sunt frigidiores, nutriantur farina hordei mixta, & decocta cum Sumach & limacibus; & aquam decoctionis eorum bibat, & substantiam comedat, & limaces. [R. A. 858, 859.] Item if the sick man suffer from heat ^{or burning along with} the flux, let him take pills made of camphor along with rose water, or plantagoItem: si patiens patiatur calorem & ardorem cum fluxu; accipiat in aurora trochiscum camphoratum [R. A. 859.], as follows: ℞ drachm i burnt ivory; drachm i of armenian bole; drachm iii of roses, and drachm ii of coltsfoot; and make pills of them, with poppy juice, or that of plantago; add drachm ii of camphor, and red coral. Item in this flux, milk is good, wherein are quenched river stones, heated red-hot two or three times, unless putrid fever be present; nevertheless, sufferers from hectic fever ought only to take milk before food. It is meet for them to use it from the beginning of spring to the end of summer, and ^though it is good for them at other times, ^yet not as good as then.

Here it is to be noted that an astringent bath is good for them, and Averroes says it is in the decrease of flux that it avails, and not in the static condition, as it would draw the matter of the disease all over the body. This bath is good here: take young catsSi accipiantur extremitates catulorum iuvenum, abiectis visceribus, & postea herbae frigidae ... & decoquantur in aqua [R. A. 860.] [an leg. whelps? cf. infra H. paragraph 24.], cut their entrails out, and put their extremities with cold wet herbs, such as rose, willow, and vine leaves, and lettuce. Add plantago by reason of the flux, and ribwort, tartary,Ungula caballina aquatica? [R. A. 860.] and leaves of the pear tree or oak, and boil them ^together in water, and bathe the sick man in it, as often as you wish, since it is not a material sickness, unless an imposthume, or putrid fever, be joined thereto, or raw humours, or corruption.

Regarding the hectic fever that comes from old age, following the consumption of the strong close members; note, it is found in old people and cold consumptive people,Inveniatur in senibus, consumptis, refrigeratis & dessicatis, in melancholicis iuvenibus. [R. A. 861.] and dry people and melancholics and young people; and honey and milk avail for the most part. However, Galen says honey does great harm to those who have hectic fever resulting from old age, and he says he saw himself an old manQuod cognoverit quendam agricolam senem, qui vixerit in agro plus quam centum annis. [R. A. 861.] of a hundred years, and the food he would take oftenest was goat's milk, and sometimes he would eat a little bread, and other times he would mix it with honey, and boil it with bread or blackberries or mint.

ItNot in R. A. as far as paragraph 47. is asked whether milk is good for old people, and it is certain that it is not; for hot moist things are best for the old. Galen says milk is cold, and therefore is not suitabie for them. Item milk is among the foods which corrupt easiest, for it is a susceptible thing; and such is not suitable for old people; and therefore it is found that it is not right to give it to them.

There are three substances in ^milk: curds, whey, and butter; and that is not suitable when the strength is weak, as in the case of old people; therefore milk is not good for them. Galen is against this in his book concerning the maintaining of health. I say, according to the intellect of Galen and his mind, that milk is good for old people, and there have been people who lived a hundred years ^{on milk} as food; though it is necessary to digest it well in the stomach, without letting it form curds nor turn to windiness nor cause oppilations, hence it is not good for those who have narrow veins naturally unless salt and honey be mixed with it, that it form not curds nor oppilations nor turn to windiness and in this way it is good, for it is easy to digest, and penetrates easily and agrees, though it is not easy to eat anything else after it, till it be digested.

Regarding his first reason, when he says milk is cold, I say that there are two cold parts in milk and one hot; namely, the butter, which is more nutritive in that way, than when it is separated from it, for the whey helps ^it to penetrate; and the curd stimulates the strength when it is not separated, though the danger is that it curdle in the stomach. If this be prevented, it is good, for it is hot as regards the butter, though the other two parts be cold. I say regarding the other two, that they can be saved from corruption by salt after it has been put into the body on digesting it well; for it is not good any other way. This is soon recognised by the weight, the contortions (?) and the like. With regard to the third reason, I say that there are not three substances actually present in milk, but only theoretically and potentially (i.e. in latency); and it is all the better for this, as the whey helps to penetrate before the butter, and clears the passage of urine and faeces; while the curd is present in latencyi.e. in potentia., and helps the weak members.

Gaddesden says milk is not good for all old people, but only for those who can sleep and digest it well, and who do not feel any pain in the sides,Nullum symptoma circa dextrum Hypochondrium ex eius usu sentiunt: qui habent venas latas. [R. A. 861.] especially the right side; whose veins are wide, and who do not suffer from sour eructations or flatulence after it. Give sweet-tasting milk to them, from an animal pastured in a good meadow.De animali iuvene, fruente bona pascua. [R. A. 861.]

The following herbs are good for them: woodbine, parsley, mallows, endives, smallage, yellow-flag, not kail;Non caules [R. A. 861.] and fresh meat is good for them; and they should eat dried figs, ginger and cassia,Cassia fistula [R. A. 861.] as these purge them well; kneadedPanis debet esse bene subactus. [R. A. 861.] bread, boiled well with honey or wine, is good for them; also a bath of sweet water and wine, as it moistens them well. Also moderate exercise and sleep, for Galen says, they suffer much from want of sleep, hence they should get lettuce, cinnamon, nutmeg, ginger, spikenard, and lignum aloes. Wine, new or old, is not good, but only medium wine, and let them drink plenty of it; for Galen says, to give wine to youths is naught but adding fire to fire when the fuel is weakDare vinum pueris, est ignem addere igni in lignis: sed iuvenibus debilibus, da moderate: seni, quantum petit. [R. A. 862.]: and he says to give it in moderation to young folk, but to the old as much as they wish, unless the head and the nerves be weak. Those whose veins are wide should take milk along with honey and salt, and dried figs with nettle seeds the first day: good claret helps them, made from sweet-smelling spices;Claretum bonum de vino, & speciebus aromaticis. [R. A. 862.] and let them avoid blood-letting and coition, or too much of the same, or meditation or cogitation,Caveant a ... coitu, sollicitudine, cogitatione [R. A. 862.] though occasionally anger suits them well, as it heats them; but in moderation. Galen says no man ever died of it; and neither depression,At ex iratis nemo mortuus est, etc. Invidia nullo modo, nec tristitia, nec angustia. [R. A. 862.] nor repression, nor work is good for them, except a little, but instead of the work let them take a bath.

If you say wine helps them, therefore milk does not, because preservation is brought about by likes, not by contrariesSi dicatur vinum competit eis, ergo non lac; quia praeservatio debet fieri per similia, non per contraria. Respondeo, quod sani debeant regi per similia. Sed senes non sunt sani, nisi cum querela. [R. A. 862.]; then I say it is proper to preserve healthy people ^{in health} and rule them by their likes, but old folk are not well except with complaining. Galen says they should be called neutral, and therefore they should be kept on moderate things, in which is some heat and some moisture.

Item a laxative clyster is good for them, of oil of violets or common oil, in order that the bowels may be kept relaxed, and if necessary give a little senna, as it is good for the sight. Item if fatteningSi eos velis impinguare, propter balneum. [R. A. 863.] be desired, take pitch and soften it between your fingers beside the fire, and apply it to the sufferer after bathing, and change it often, the which draws the blood to the surface of the skin. The bath that is desired for fattening, should be taken after food, before the digestion is complete, unless the closing of the veins or an imposthume be feared. In that case, let them be rubbed with oil of roses or lilies, and again apply the pitch, and repeat often; otherwise let the body be slapped frequently with little rods,Corpus potestverberari cum virgulis leviter, ... & tunc emplastrum ex pice summe proderit. [R. A. 863.] and apply a poultice of pitch; and it is right to do this in order to fatten the members that have gone to wasting: and both the bath and the emplaister should be local. Note that vinegar is not suitable for lean old men to take, nor any acid things, as they reduce flesh. In the same way winelees, which people take often as a laxative, and old people should only take a little, as they are but lights ready for extinguishing.Senes a senectute facile possunt ferre ieiunium: sed non similiter senes a senio: illi igitur cibum debent accipere frequenter ... quia sunt veluti lucerna parata ad extinctionem. [R. A. 863.] [Lit. They have no lights ready for extinguishing.]

Item Galen says, boiledCapae albae [R. A. 863.] onions are good for them, and garlic, if they be used to it, and make them a sauce of ginger, mustard, and cinnamon, anise, cucumber, mint, parsley, mace, cloves, and the like; or this sauce: mint, parsley, sage, dittany and pellitory; and this is good against cold, and flatulence of the stomach, its weakness, and that of the intestines: if he suffer from hiccup, let him use anetho, and let him hold his breath, and let hot things be applied to the stomach, as for instance,Veluti catulus niger, & manus calida; & emplastra calida antea memorata. Finis secundi libri de febribus. [R. A. 864.] a hot hand, a hot pillow, or a hot plate .