John Dalton
An English teacher and scientist, John Dalton (1766-1844) is the originator of the modern chemical Atomic Theory of the Structure of Matter.He produced the first list of relative atomic masses in Absorption of Gasses 1805.
He discovered the Law of Partial Pressures of Gases (Dalton's Law) in 1801AD, which states that the pressure exerted by a mixture of gases equals the sum of the partial pressures of the components of the mixture.
His Law of Multiple Proportions states that if two elements, A and B, form more than one compound, the various weights of B which combine with A are in small whole number ratios.
John Daniell
A British chemist, John Daniell (1790-1845) discovered the Daniell Cell in 1836AD.
Sir Humphrey Davy
An English chemist, Sir Humphrey Davy (1778-1829) pioneered the study of Electrochemistry and isolated the elements sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, strontium and barium by Electrolysis 1807AD-1808AD.He recognised that Chlorine was an element in 1810AD.
His most practical invention was the Davy Lamp, a safety lamp used by miners in the pits.
Albert Einstein 
Einstein contributed more than any other scientist to the modern vision
of physical reality. His special and general theories of relativity are still
regarded as the most satisfactory model of the large-scale universe that we
have.
A German born Swiss-American, Albert Einstein (1879-1955) is the author of the Theory of Relativity.
He worked in the Berne patent office in Switzerland, where in his spare time he developed a number of theories, which he published in 1905AD. These included a mathematical explanation of
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the Special Theory of Relativity, |
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the Photoelectric Effect and |
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Brownian Movement. |
He was awarded the Nobel Prize in physics in 1921AD for applying Planck's Quantum Theory to the explanation of the photoelectric emission of electrons.
Gerhard Domagk
A German pathologist Gerhard Domagk (1895-1964), the antibacterial sulphonamide drugs. He found in 1932 that coal-tar dye called Prontosil red contains chemicals with powerful antibacterial properties. Sulphanamide drugs, used before antibiotics were discovered to treat a wide range of conditions, including pneumonia and septic wounds. Domagk was awarded the 1939 Nobel Prize for Physiology and medicine (because of the war had to wait until 1947 to claim his prize).
Michael Faraday
An English chemist and physicist, Michael Faraday (1791-1867), in 1821 began experimenting with electromagnetism, and ten years later discovered the induction of electric currents and made the first dynamo. He subsequently found that magnetic field will rotate the plane of polarization of light. Farrady also investigated Electrolysis.
Emil Hermann Fischer
A German chemist, Emil Hermann Fischer (1852-1919), produced synthetic sugars. His description of the chemistry of the carbohydrates and peptides laid the foundations for the science of biochemistry.He received the Nobel prize 1902.
Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac
A French chemist and physicist, Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac (1778-1850), is known for the Gay-Lussac's Law Law, which he stated in 1808AD, which states that when gases combine in chemical reactions to give gaseous products, the ratio of the volumes of the reacting gases to that of the product is a simple integral one.Avagadro's Hypothesis is based on Gay-Lussac's Law and on Dalton's Law of Multiple Proportions.
Josiah Gibbs 
J Willard Gibbs (1839 to 1903) was an American mathematician best-known
for the Gibbs effect seen when Fourier-analysing a discontinuous
function.
He developed a mathematical approach to thermodynamics. His book .Vector Analysis . 1881 established vector methods in physics.
Francois Auguste-Victor Grignard
A French chemist, Francois Auguste-Victor Grignard (1871-1935) discovered in 1900 a series of organic compounds now known as the Grignard Reagents. These reagents have found applications as some of the most versatile reagents in organic chemistry. Members of this class contain a hydrocarbon radical, magnesium, and a halogen such as chlorine.He received the Nobel Prize for chemistry in 1912.
Thomas Graham
A British chemist, Thomas Graham (1805-1869) formulated Graham's Law of Gaseous Diffusion which states that the diffusion rate of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its density.He also discovered the colloidal state, while working on diffusion and osmosis.
Fritz Haber
A German chemist, Fritz Haber (1868-1934) was the inventor of the Haber Process. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1918AD for this work which led to the Synthesis of Ammonia from hydrogen, and nitrogen.His study of the combustion of hydrocarbons led to the combustion of hydrocarbond led to the commercial Cracking or Fractional distillation of natural oil (petroleum) into its components.
In Electrochemistry, he was the first to demonstrate that oxidation and reduction take place at the electrodes, from this he developed a general electrochemical theory.
Werner Karl Heisenberg 
A German mathematical physicist, Werner Karl Heisenberg (1901-1976)
is the Father of Quantum Mechanics.
He is remembered for his Uncertainty Principle, that rejects the notion that the properties
of an atom can be described exactly by the solutions to mathematical
matrices.
Germain Henri Hess
A Swiss chemist and doctor, Germain Henri Hess (1892-1850), was born in Geneva and was brought to Russia in 1805AD.He is remembered for his work in Thermochemistry and his Law of Heat of Summation.
Martin Heinrich Klaproth
A German chemist, Martin Heinrich Klaproth (1743-1817) is known for his work on chemical analysis. In 1789AD, he discovered Zirconium, Uranium and Titanium in 1795AD.